Operation Management Chain Management

Question: Describe about the Operation Management for Chain Management. Answer: Introduction The supply chain management is one of the important segment that organizations highly need to consider while supplying the products to customers through the markets. I have found a number of steps involved in the supply chain management. More specifically, the supply chain is treated as the network that have multiple facilities and distribution options. With the help of these options, it is easy for the marketers to conduct the functions of materials, convert the materials into furnished goods. The supply chain network also deals with the distribution of the furnished goods to consumers. Both services and manufacturing organizations have to deal with the supply chain management. However, I have observed that the complexity of the chain could vary from sector to sector and company to company. Describing the principles of supply chain management As supply chain consists of a wide network, many principles are included to facilitate the process associated with the supply chain management. In the following, I have discussed a set of principles related to supply chain management. Segmentation of the customers based on their needs: The supply chain professionals and the marketers are aware of the customer needs and demands. Thus, to understand the customers, the marketers divide the customers into a number group, which is known as the segmentation. The industry, trade channels or the products usually do the segmentation. However, I believe that it is effective to segment the customers based on their needs as this equips the organization to improve the portfolio of services tailored to different segment. Customized Logistic network: I have observed that if the marketers segment the customer based on the services they require, they would probably have to tailor multiple logistic network for serving different segments. Nevertheless, I consider that this particular principle may not work effectively for all situations. The organizations in their respective country have own distribution network. Based on the market signal aligning the demand planning across supply chain: While studying the existing literature, I have found that the supply chain professionals make the trading partners aware of the demand of the products and services in a particular market. Thus, they avoid the unnecessary stocks. This particular principle may work effectively. However, while watching the realty, I have found a different scenario as the big organization as Wal-Mart is observed to be sharing the records of the demand with trading partners. Apart from these three major principles, I found other principles such as differentiating the products closer to consumer and speed of conversion across the supply chain. Explaining the strategic nature of supply chain management The strategic supply nature of supply chain management includes the strategic relationship, tactical relationship, internal relationship and transactional relationship. The relationship could be among the supply chain community. I have observed that like individual organizations, the whole supply chain should have their own strategies. Until, recently, strategic goals were often related to the profitability or the market share. However, the service level of the end user is increasing. I believe that such approach is justified by the list of most significant strategic decisions made as the part of supply chain management. The decision on determining the standard of the end consume service need to be mentioned on the top of the list. Nevertheless, the remaining strategic decisions should be made based on the customers needs and interests. In the following, I have presented the factors that should be considered in the decisions. Adapting to the supply chain to find the match in the nature of demand and product feature Choosing the model of relations among the supply chain partners Sorting out the supplier Selecting the distribution channels Implementing a particular concept of stock management Determining the major competencies of the supply chain as whole in respect to individual entity Describing the role of supply chain management in global business environment I found that the world is one big supply chain. While going through the recent studies I studied that supply chain management revolves around the major issues including the increasing growth of multinational corporations, global expansion and sourcing. I have also focused on some factors in the global environment, where the supply chain management play a crucial role. Supply chain in the global environment is necessary if the demand of the products is high in the market. Some particular market forces such as foreign competition in the domestic market, growth in the foreign demand, global presence as a defensive tool due to that the organizations adopts the supply chain network. Some global cost factors are also associated with the supply chain management in the global business environment, where the organizations employ the skilled/unskilled labour at low cost. The capital-intensive advantages like tax break and price break can be gained in extending the business in the global enviro nment. With the help of supply chain management, the organizations in the global environment could gain certain advantages such as local labour costs, currency exchange rates, export regulation and local content and the influence of GATT and WTO. Conclusion On the completion of the report, I would mention that supply chain network should be highly considered while extending the business in both domestic as well as global environment. I have found some emerging issues existing in global supply chain such as the integration of the decision throughout the supply chain. I believe that it could impact on the global supply chain design. On the contrary, the organizations are rapidly outsourcing to both international and domestic location. Another issue I observed is that the widened definition of supply chain performance as the objective and strategy may vary significantly based on the value of the product

Energy Drinks Essay Essays

Energy Drinks Essay Essays Energy Drinks Essay Essay Energy Drinks Essay Essay The usage of energy drinks in the United States has increased more than the controversial ingestion of regular sodium carbonates. Harmonizing to Coca-Cola executives. net incomes from energy merchandises since 2005 through 2008 will number $ 540 million. compared with $ 210 million for regular soft drinks. $ 130 million for bottled H2O and $ 290 million for athleticss drinks ( Warner ) . So what is it about this drinks that make them more popular than our pure and critical H2O? The reply is really simple ; our feverish life styles. Today’s society is filled with exhaustion and high emphasis degrees ; many people rely on energy drinks to give them that 2nd air current. which helps them remain awake through a trial. and even resuscitate them for a party. Harmonizing to Simmons Research. 31 per centum of adolescents in the United States say they drink energy drinks on a regular footing. Peoples use energy drinks to hike their energy so they can be able to execute better. but because energy drinks contain ingredients that harm the human organic structure they should be banned all over the universe. There are some factors that increase the popularity of energy drinks. For illustration the easy to catch construction in which they are packed. The little container makes it speedy to imbibe down. and the smaller graduated table gives the feeling that the contents are more concentrated. which attracts the consumer even more. The colour of the energy drinks is another ground for their popularity ; a combination of bright and graphic colourss such as acidic leafy vegetables and yellows. black and ruddy suggest a sense of energy and high public presentation. The enigma spirit in energy drinks is another ground why these drinks are consumed in surplus. Compared to a typical juice offering. there is small or nil about energy drink packaging to state the consumer what the merchandise tastes like. Alternatively. the in writing accent is more on the consumer’s esthesias and attitude than spirit or thirst ( Patterns ) . It is hapless to see how large companies and makers of these merchandises use the ignorance and deficiency of cognition of people to do a net income. Unfortunately we can non victimise ourselves and fault everything on them. We are responsible for what we do and I believe that we should make some research before we buy a merchandise that is evidently non natural at all. Energy drinks are made up of caffeine. taurine. guarana. ginseng. gingko. ephedrine. B vitamins and many other sugars. Caffeine is one of the most active ingredients in energy drinks ; it is a psychotropic substance found in the beans. foliages and fruit of over 60 workss ; it stimulates the nervous and cardiovascular system. Taurine is an amino acid that our organic structure of course produces. but in energy drinks the taurine is a man-made component. It helps modulate pulse. musculus contractions. and energy degrees. Normally our organic structure makes plenty so that we don’t need to supplement. Guarana is derived from South America workss and it contains about three times more caffeine than java beans. It stimulates the cardinal nervous system. cardiac musculus. every bit good as the respitarory system. B vitamins aid change over sugar to energy. Ginseng is an herbal stimulation used to bring around. from emphasis to hapless memory to diabetes. Gingko is another herbal stimulation that is used to handle memory loss. concerns. pealing in the ears and depression. Ephedrine is a stimulation. used as a decongestant in interventions of asthma. The chemical construction is similar to pep pills and Methedrines. This stimulation is found in weight loss pills. it speeds up metamorphosis by doing energy that is acquired from nutrient to fire faster. These ingredients do non sound harmful at all. Many of them are natural and even good for our wellness. So why have energy drinks been banned in a few states? Lashkar-e-taibas me now introduce to you the negative sides of all these ingredients. Harmonizing to Roland Griffiths. a professor in behavioural biological science. the sum of caffeine that is necessary to bring forth dependence and backdown symptoms is about 100 mgs a twenty-four hours. A can of energy drink has 80 to 160 mgs ( Warner ) . Some of the side effects that the usage of caffeine creates are dependence. diarrhoea. voluminous micturition and concerns. It besides increases the bosom rate. blood flow. respiratory rate. and metabolic rate for several hours. Caffeine causes anxiousness. crossness. high sensitiveness to resound. and self-mutilations. There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric upsets recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition: caffeine-induce anxiousness upset. caffeine-induced sleep upset. and caffeine-related upset non otherwise specified ( NOS ) . Caffeine is besides associated with a high hazard of developing Parkinson’s disease in work forces. The side-effects that taurine causes are about the same as caffeine. but many people claim that it kills your bosom. since it is found in the cardinal nervous system. skeletal and is more to a great extent concentrated in bosom tissues and the encephalon. Taurine found in energy drinks is a man-made vitamin that does non execute the same maps in the human organic structure as vitamins found of course in whole nutrient foods would. These vitamins really deplete the organic structure of other foods. and pull your kidneys before being excreted through the piss. The side effects of Ginseng are nervousness. insomnia. and diarrhoea. The effects of gingko are restlessness. disquieted tummy. diarrhoea. and purging. A soft drink normally has 19 to 25 gms of sugar in each eight-ounce helping. Energy drinks on mean contain more than this. Red Bull. for illustration. contains 27 gms of sugar per helping of 250 millilitres ( a little over eight ounces ) . This can be really unsafe. for an overload of sugar can take to stomachic voidance. This frequently consequences in sickness and emesis. As it was stated above each of the ingredients that a energy drink contain have several and powerful side effects when taken individually. conceive of how unsafe they be can when taken all at the same clip. Peoples are utilizing energy drinks as an surrogate for proper remainder. nutrition. and exercising like the spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Roberta Anding said ( Ellis ) . Many wellness jobs can develop from the deficiency of proper remainder like a weakened immune system. depression. high blood force per unit area. fleshiness. and diabetes. The best replacement of energy drinks is H2O. Our organic structure is 55 to 75 per centum made out of H2O and its benefits are infinite. Water improves energy. additions mental and physical public presentation. removes toxins and waste merchandises from the organic structure. keeps the tegument healthy and glowing. helps to lose weight. reduces concerns and giddiness. helps digestion. helps the bosom work better. reduces emphasis. and prevents urinary piece of land infections by blushing out drosss from the organic structure. Many people that do non like to imbibe H2O can replace the energy drinks with natural juices such as orange which are 87 percent H2O or by eating Cucumis sativuss which are 95 percent H2O. Milk is another liquid that can replace energy drinks. Milk is our first beginning of nutrition when we are born ; we are fed with this liquid before he can digest other nutrient. Milk is made out of concentrated fat. protein. Ca and vitamin C. Saturated fat provides the edifice blocks for cell membranes and it besides acts as a bearer for vitamins A. D. E and K. This fat makes the lungs healthier. prevents stroke. and protects kidneys from diseases. Calcium makes up 70 per centum of the bone weight and gives it strength and rigidness. Vitamin C helps the organic structure produce a basic constituent of connective tissues called collagen. Collagen is an of import component in the blood vas walls. gums. and castanetss. Vitamin C maps as an antioxidant. it helps hike immune map protects against malignant neoplastic disease. cataracts. impairment of the retina. and other chronic diseases. Nowadays we live in a society that is ever on the spell and we are ever looking for ways to acquire more energy to be able to acquire through school. work or any other responsibilities that we may hold. But seting our lives in danger by devouring energy drinks is non deserving it. The authorities should decidedly make something about it alternatively of allowing some people get rich by the ignorance and deficiency of cognition of most of the people that consume these harmful drinks. Clayton. Lawrence. Amphetamines and Other Stimulations. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Inc. . 1998. Ellis. Steven. Energy drinks bubble up. The Christian Science Monitor. 7 June 2007. 20 November 2007 Goldish. Meish. The Dangers of Herbal Stimulants. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Inc. . 1998. Gustafson. C. J. The Health Benefits Of Drinking Water. 2005. 22 November 2007 Warner. Melanie. â€Å"A Jolt of Caffeine. by the Can. † New York Times 23 Nov. 2005. 20 November 2007.

Azeotrope Definition and Examples

Azeotrope Definition and Examples An azeotrope is a mixture of liquids that maintains its composition and boiling point during distillation. It is also known as an azeotropic mixture or constant boiling point mixture. Azeotropy occurs when a mixture is boiled to produce a vapor that has the same composition as the liquid. The term is derived by combining the prefix a, meaning no, and the Greek words for boiling and turning. The word was first used in a publication by English chemists John Wade (1864–1912) and Richard William Merriman in 1911. In contrast, mixtures of liquids that do not form an azeotrope under any conditions are called zeotropic. Types of Azeotropes Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents, miscibility, or boiling points: Number of Constituents: If an azeotrope consists of two liquids, it is known as a binary azeotrope. An azeotrope consisting of three liquids is a ternary azeotropes. There are also azeotropes made of more than three constituents.Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Homogeneous azeotropes consist of liquids that are miscible. They form a solution. Heterogeneous azeotropes are incompletely miscible and form two liquid phases.Positive or Negative: A positive azeotrope or minimum-boiling azeotrope forms when the boiling point of the mixture is lower than that of any of its constituents. A negative azeotrope or maximum-boiling azeotrope forms when the boiling point of the mixture is higher than that of any of its constituents. Examples Boiling a 95% ethanol solution in water will produce a vapor that is 95% ethanol. Distillation cannot be used to obtain higher percentages of ethanol. Alcohol and water are miscible, so any quantity of ethanol can be mixed with any quantity to prepare a homogeneous solution that behaves like an azeotrope. Chloroform and water, on the other hand, form a heteroazeotrope. A mixture of these two liquids will separate, forming a top layer consisting mostly of water with a small amount of dissolved chloroform and a bottom layer consisting mostly of chloroform with a small amount of dissolved water. If the two layers are boiled together, the liquid will boil at a lower temperature than either the boiling point of water or of chloroform. The resulting vapor will consist of 97% chloroform and 3% water, regardless of the ratio in the liquids. Condensing this vapor will result in layers that exhibit a fixed composition. The top layer of the condensate will account for 4.4% of the volume, while the bottom layer will account for 95.6% of the mixture. Azeotrope Separation Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an azeotrope, other methods must be employed: Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the distillate with the desired component.Another technique involves the addition of an entrainer, a substance that alters the volatility of one of the azeotrope components. In some cases, the entrainer reacts with a component to form a nonvolatile compound. Distillation using an entrainer is called azeotropic distillation.Pervaporation involves separating components using a membrane that is more permeable to one constituent than the other. Vapor permeation is a related technique, using a membrane more permeable to the vapor phase of one component than another. Source Wade, John, and Richard William Merriman. CIV.- Influence of Water on the Boiling Point of Ethyl Alcohol at Pressures above and Below the Atmospheric Pressure. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 99.0 (1911): 997–1011. Print.

Muckrakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muckrakers - Essay Example According to McQuail (2000), the media play a watchdog role in society and they should expose all the public officials who abuse their office. These people should be accountable for their actions to the people they represent in government in particular. To that effect, I think all matters of public interested should be thoroughly investigated. However, I believe that if the muckraker has to resort to using the tactics of the one whom they are trying to expose, then the pursuit has gone too far. The other aspect is that this would be tantamount to invasion of privacy. There are certain muckrakers who go deep down into other individuals’ private lives and I think this practice is not good. Every individual is entitled to privacy and this right should not be violated. Though good, muckraking should focus on issues of public interest such as abuse of office by politicians and other public officials instead of concentrating on individuals’ private

Organisational Design & analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Design & analysis - Case Study Example Organisations thereby tend to attempt at generating greater interests as well as value to the customers for the purpose of effectively controlling the internal business activities and obtain competitive benefits identified in the external business environment. Moreover, it can be observed that the marketers also focus upon evaluating different effectual mechanisms and strategies in order to enhance the level of obtaining better control of the organisational procedures along with attaining a competitive position in the fiercely growing business environment (Stahl and Voigt, 2006). Emphasising the present phenomenon of competitiveness along with changing trends in the global business environment, the primary objective of this report is to demonstrate and analyse major issues faced by Google Inc. (Google) relating to its organisational culture along with its design. The discussion of this report will also focus on identifying the major issues of Google that the company faced from the gi ven case study and analysing them through justifying different theoretical perspectives effectively. Brief Description of Google Google Inc. is widely known for its rapid transformation in the global online advertising based industry. The company is well-known as one the leading and dominating companies specialising in worldwide internet-based products or services. The company is basically renowned for online advertising along with ‘search’ advertising technology which enabled it to attain dominant position in the respective industry. Google was established by the duo named Sergey Brin and Larry Page in 1996 and was incorporated in 1998 (Google, 2013). Since its emergence in the global internet-based computing business environment, it has been apparently observed that the company has gained a transformational growth through incorporating a wider range of pioneering products or services. In relation to the present day context, Google tends to offer series of products and services including online productivity software such as email, office suites along with other broader social networking services. Moreover, the organisation renders web browsing applications linked with photo editing tools and instant messaging services that enable the company to attain a superior competitive position. In addition, according to the present scenario, Google also offers effective telecommunication devices and online video sharing social media applications such as YouTube to its global users (Google, 2012). In relation to the organisational culture, it has been viewed that Google tends to incorporate exceptional organisational culture which makes the company more competitive than its rivals in the respective industry. The organisation incorporates an exceptional organisational culture which significantly reflects an adequate platform that enables the employees to gain their outrageous knowledge through innovating, experimenting along with risk taking initiatives. It h as been apparently observed from the organisational process or design prevailing in Google that it tends to promote the innate power of the workers and prefers to build a productive working environment. Moreover, the mistakes of the employees belonging to Google are used as the primary element facilitating the company to gain its potentials in terms of

Carbon And Alloying Steel Applications Engineering Essay

Carbon And Alloying Steel Applications Engineering Essay Carbon steels are one of the main categories of steel. Steel is divided into groups since it is an iron (Fe) alloy and therefore it may contain numerous concentrations of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese. Yet, the mechanical properties of steel are affected according to the carbon percentage in the metal. Groover, 2010) (Callister Jr, 2007). Carbon steel is an iron-based, malleable metal, usually containing less than 1% carbon but in some cases may contain up to 2.03% C (plain carbon steels), along with small percentages of silica, sulphur, phosphorus and manganese. (Carbon steel, 1994-2011). The carbon quantity in carbon steel alters the strength and ductility of the metal. By increasing the carbon, hardness and strength are increased whilst reducing ductility. Yet by doing so, brittleness is increased and welding abilities are reduced due to its affinity to form martensite. This is a kind of tug of war between the properties of the metal. Carbon steels are divided according to the different amounts of carbon content i.e. mainly into three main classes; Mild low carbon steel ( 0.16% 0.29% C . Having microstructures of pealite and ferrite) This category is also known as mild steel. They are very common and are widely used since they are quite cheap, easy to form and to work with. Having low carbon content, they are ductile and malleable but have a low tensile strength and do not repond to heat treatments, which would form matensite. Their density is of 7.85g/cm^3 and youngs modulus of 210.000MPa. Surface treatment such as carburizing is performed when large amounts of steel requiring increased surface hardening. To further this strength, this steel is cold worked. Such applications identified as structural steel are used in buildings, where the right weldability, formability, combined with improved strength and resistance fracture, through surface treatment are required. (Types of Carbon steel ) http://www.construction53.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/steel.jpg Cross-sections of structural beams made of low carbon steels. Medium Carbon steels (0.3% 0.59% C. Microstructures of tempered martensite) Such steel, having a higher percentage carbon, increases hardness, brittleness and strength at the same time still being ductile, although this is slightly reduced with machinability. This range of carbon is achieved by austenitizing, quenching (i.e. rapid cooling from the outer surface to the inner) and tempering to create consistent tensile strength within the steel (referred to as Martensite) throughout the body. An application of medium carbon steel includes crankshafts since ductility allows it to retain the tensile strength required. Axle shafts and gearing plates are also made from medium-carbon steel (The uses for medium carbon steel, 1999-2012) (Tata steel Europe) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38415/38415-h/images/fig_032.jpg http://traxxas.com/sites/default/files/gear.jpg Crankshaft side and an end view together with a gear which are made of medium carbon steel High carbon steel (0.6% 1.4% C) These are the hardest and strongest of carbon steels and therefore the least ductile. They are ideal for hardening and tempering condition and have good wear resistance. Hardness may be improved by further adding chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum to carbon. An ideal application would be a sharp cutting tool such as scissors or a high strength spring which is required to withstand heavy loads. If welded, heat treatment is further required to keep the same mechanical properties. Higher percentage carbon in such steels may also be present in two other classes which are part of the high carbon steels; (Types of Carbon steel ) (Groover, 2010) http://www.parktool.com/uploads/thumbnails/uploads/products/a6945e129e29a7c9064c6136dbde619eb850b49b_800x700.jpg http://www.knifeworks.com/images/products/detail/TPDART002.1.jpg Higher carbon steels (03%- 1.7% C) Sulphur and manganese are also present to improve hardness which is ideal for cutting tools such as punches, milling machine cutters, industrial knives. Ultra high Carbon steels (1% 2% C) These large amounts of carbon are required for special cases, mainly non-industrial tools and are produced using powder metallurgy. These are at the limit of mild steel since above 2% carbon steel is said to be cast iron. (The uses for medium carbon steel, 1999-2012) (Callister Jr, 2007) http://web.tradekorea.com/upload_file2/sell/60/S00049660/Indexable_Drill.JPG Typical applications where such steels are utilised are drilling tools used for high speed drilling in substantial hard material. P7 One metal forming technique from the chosen industry; Since part of my previous assignment involved the automotive industry, I decided to further extend my knowledge on this subject and research on a very important forming technique, which is becoming even more used in this industry. The technique, I researched is the hydro-forming technique and the metals involved were steel and aluminium metals Nowadays vehicles are designed to operate as fuel efficient as possible yet without sacrificing on speed. These two factors though contradictory have something in common, weight reduction. To attain this, vehicles are continuously shredded from their weight and this is mainly done by using lighter metals and thin grade panels. However such metal forming becomes quite difficult due to formability and elongation problems. For this reason, hydro-forming technique is used where a sheet metal part is formed under water pressure generated by a punch drawing the sheet in a pressurized water chamber. This increases formability and it is mainly due to the water pressure which holds the material in place which is in turn punched in the forming process, shielding the panel from extreme thinning in critical areas. (Cass) (Altan, 2002) Sheet hydroforming diagram This technique can also be used to stretch form or deep draw metal. Other variations of the process are: Active hydro-forming-involves a process in which the blank is pressed against a die contour. Viscous pressure forming-where a viscous material is used instead of water to pressurize the medium Flex forming-water pressure used as an elastic polymer membrane that shields around the sheet and the punch. Adapting the Process (Altan, 2002) Here shown are the basic components making up the punch to carry out the hydro-forming technique. The upper binder or blankholder provide the holding force for the blank. The water chamber is used to hold the initial blank. Pressure chamber provides hydraulic counter pressure to the water. Hydraulic cylinders provide the force to the blank holder which in terms is controlled through a P.L.C controlling system. The water is then pumped in to the chamber below the die. This is controlled outwards from a relief valve. As seen above, we can easily observe the results of the panels produced in steel. The difference between steel and aluminium is that aluminium has 30%- 40% less elongation and formability. The answer to aluminium drawing was hydro-forming which has obtained results of 50% more depth than conventional drawing techniques. (Cass) Hydro-forming is on the increase in the automotive industry and nowadays, one can state that it is the most frequent used technique for all types of body-panels. However this process has its own limitations such as low manufacturing cycle times, highly specialised expensive heavy duty equipment which requires highly skilled operators. On the other hand, its under mentioned advantages are appealing; (Altan, 2002) Gives better drawing depths with better strain distribution. Draws complex shapes in one press cycle. Reduces die costs since one die is used. Finish is excellent. P8: Distinguish between fusion non-fusion welding processes. Select one fusion or non fusion and discuss the principles of operation, parameter of the process, the equipment used, advantages, disadvantages and precautions taken. Also describe one application for the process selected. Welding, still considered a recent metal working trade, is a process which involves two or more materials, which are required to be joined together at the surfaces in a strong enough bond not only mechanically (using rivets or bolts) but metallurgic ally (involving diffusion). This makes the bond secure and strong, eliminating the process of having to manufacture a new single part from scratch. To ensure that a good weld is formed, the surfaces to be welded must not have any asperities, meaning that any roughness, dirt and pointed ends must be removed to achieve the best weld possible. In order to overcome these difficulties, pressure, heat or both must be present in the process, which helps to bring atoms together and agitate more the microstructure of the materials so as to create a true secure bond. Cleanliness as already mentioned is essential and depending on the degree of dirt, one must utilise the appropriate cleaning tools. Generally, chemicals are used such as degreasers and solvents, which dissolve the oil or dirt, or else mechanically were abrasion, grinding etc, are used for rougher surfaces to attain the best smooth layers possible. (Groover, 2010) (Callister Jr, 2007) Since different materials with a vast number of properties and features may require welding, various types of welding exist on the market, each with their own characteristics and methods, differing in the apparatus, temperature and pressure used, type of gas involved ( acting as a shield) when another metal may be present. These welding methods are generally divided into two groups, non-fusion welding and fusion welding. Non-Fusion Welding: This type of welding can also be called solid-state welding involving bonding of materials without melting the base metals and no filler material is added. Non-fusion welding involves some of the oldest welding processes and some of the very latest. Also in such cases, pressure or temperature or both can be used to build up sufficient energy to bond the intended surfaces intended to be welded. The most important factors for a successful solid-state weld are that the two surfaces must be very clean and they must be very close to each other to allow atomic bonding. As no melting is involved, non-fusion welding has quite a few advantages over fusion welding. No melting means that there is no heat-affected zone; the metals surrounding the joint retain their original properties. Most of the processes producing welded joints affect the entire contact point between the two parts, instead of a distinct point like most fusion-welding operations. Adding to this, at times some of these processe s are used to bond dissimilar metals and it is important to note that these, if melted and re-solidified, may alter their relative thermal expansions, conductivities, and other properties which are very important when applied to a factual application. The drawbacks on the other hand for such welding process when, compared with conventional fusion welding, are that since the welding cycles take more time to complete, it is a more time consuming process and quite unsuitable for restricted sized parts. It is again important to note that surface preparation is essential before actual welding takes place for the surfaces to bond precisely. Yet the major disadvantage of this process is the relatively high initial investments cost in equipment. (Groover, 2010) (Schmid, 2010) Typical examples of non-fusion welding processes include; Diffusion welding (DFW). Pressure is used to hold two surfaces together at a high temperature where the parts bond by solid-state diffusion. Friction welding (FRW). Bonding is achieved creating heat created from friction between two surfaces. Ultrasonic welding (USW). Two parts with an oscillating motion from an ultrasonic frequency at moderate pressure is used in a direction parallel to the contacting surfaces. This combination of normal and vibratory forces gives shear stresses that removes surface films and achieves atomic bonding at the surface. Fusion Welding: This type of welding technique is also known as liquid-state welding and as the name implies, the base metals for this process are melted using heat. In most fusion welding operations, a filler metal is included in the molten pool where the bond is desired. These may be in the form of consumable electrodes or a wire fed into the weld pool. Their main purpose is to improve and ease the process to produce a much stronger weld in terms of metallurgy (atoms are packed closer together creating a much tighter mechanically bond). As a protection against oxidisation, these processes also include a protective layer between the air around the weld and the molten metal. These can be either in the form of a gas shield or as a type of  flux  which melts to produce a layer on the weld itself that solidifies and is removed afterwards.   Fusion processes where no external metal is used are known to be autogenous welds. Advantages offered from fusion welding, makes it the most common and most v ast of the welding processes which are mainly the ability to repeat the weld at the same joint without difficulty, which is relatively fast and adequate for most applications. As for the drawbacks, there are two main problems. The changes in the microstructure after repeated heating and rapid cooling could easily alter the properties of the parent metals and the effects of the residual stresses which build up in the parent metals caused by expansion or contraction. These have a long term effect on the weld itself due to the fatigue produces. The following are the main types of welding processes; Gas welding Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW) Arc Welding Shielded metal arc welded (SMAW) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) Plasma arc welding (PAW) Gas- metal arc welding (GMAW) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) Submerged arc welding (SAW) Electro-slag welding (ESW) High energy beam welding- Electron beam welding (EBW) Laser beam welding (LBW) (Kou, 2003), (Callister Jr, 2007), (Jha) __________________________________________________________________________________ Gas Metal Arc Welding; This welding process is a fusion welding process and uses the basics of this type of welding, since it melts the metals at the joining area, using elevated temperatures whilst creating an arc between a continuous fed filler wire electrode and the metals to be joined. The weld is constantly shielded using an inert gas. The type of gas used, differs from application to application. Inert (argon gas for example), is used for MIG welding. Other shielding gases used are carbon dioxide, as well as inert/active gas. Mixtures at times are used mainly to weld mild steel alloys (a mixture may be used from argon, carbon dioxide and oxygen). The ideal gas used for shielding, inert or active, is usually chosen according to the alloy composition and the grade of finish desired. Metal Inert Gas welding (MAGS MIG); Another gas-metal arc welding process is the metal inert gas process commonly known as MIG. In common with the  tungsten inert gas  process (TIG), MIG welding uses a protective gas shield layer over the weld pool projected using a torch shroud. MIG uses electricity to melt and create the welding pool that joins pieces of metal together. It may also be referred to as the hot glue gun and is known to be one of the easiest welding processes to learn. It was developed in the 1940s and even nowadays, it still uses the same principles. The electrical current used to melt the metals is used to create a short circuit between a continuous wire fed through a gun to act as the anode and the cathode being the metal being welded. This short circuit which dissipates enough (approx. 4000 F to 6000 F) heat to melt the metal and the non reactive gas, shields the weld being produced. With the metal molten, the two surfaces fuse together becoming one piece and as the heat is removed, the metal cool s, solidifying in a unite piece of metal. Being an easy to learn welding process, makes this application popular and moreover, since it can be used with a variety of materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminium, magnesium, copper, nickel, silicon bronze and other alloys. http://www.personal.psu.edu/jhk5143/edesgn100/project4/welding/pic3.jpg MIG welder equipment A MIG welder is made up of several parts: The welder; Here the main equipment is the wire and a series of rollers which are used to push the wire out from the welding gun. The large spool of wire is held on with a tension nut. The welding gun; http://www.personal.psu.edu/jhk5143/edesgn100/project4/welding/pic2.jpg http://www.weldguru.com/images/300px-MIG_cut-away.jpg The most important part takes place. The gun (1) is made up of a trigger that controls the wire feed and the flow of electricity. Here, the wire is passed through a replaceable copper tip (3). Tips vary in size according to the diameter of the wire (5). The outside of the tip of gun is covered by a ceramic (2) or metal cup which is used to protect the electrode (4) and gives direction to the flow of gas. The Ground Clamp; this is basically the cathode (-) in the circuit, which is clamped directly to the piece of metal being welding. Good contact is essential on the bare metal. http://cdn.instructables.com/FKB/OD1H/F2FRVLCD/FKBOD1HF2FRVLCD.MEDIUM.jpg Advantages of MIG welding; Versatile in the sense that, it welds a wide range of metals and thicknesses, Will weld in any angle and position, Less cleaning is required, Has a good weld bead, Does not splatter the weld, Long welds can be done without starts and stops, Easy to learn. Disadvantages of MIG welding; It involves bulky equipment,since the gas source is transported in cylinders Produces a rougher and less controlled weld compared to TIG welding. Requires Irregular wire feed, Porosity and burn-back weld finish, Unstable arc, Heavily oxidized weld deposits, Difficulty in starting the weld on certain material. Precautions; At first hand, the most important precautions are those regarding the health and safety aspect. Welding involves heat, which may cause fire leading to accidents and injuries. Therefore, safety gear is essential. These include gloves, apron, welding helmet (to protect your eyes from the bright light produced by the electrical current) and a handy fire extinguisher. http://cdn.instructables.com/F71/ZGBA/F2L4FTRQ/F71ZGBAF2L4FTRQ.LARGE.jpg http://cdn.instructables.com/FBU/2A3K/F2NOBQVK/FBU2A3KF2NOBQVK.MEDIUM.jpg Bright light whilst welding Safety gear Other important precautions/defects must be taken during the actual process itself. Whilst welding, one might find that holes are produced in the weld, this might be due to too much current which might occur due to over-melting of material. This is resolved by reducing the current load from the welder apparatus. Spurts might also form on the weld. This is due to the wire speed or power settings regulated being too low. What happens is that the gun would be feeding in too much wire which whilst melting would splatter the weld without forming a proper one. A good weld will be achieved when all the settings are properly set resulting in a smooth weld. It should be noted that the sound of a continuous spark indicates the proper quality of the weld. MIG (Fusion) Welding for Aluminium and Its Alloys: Aluminium welding is regarded as a very difficult procedure due its low melting point yet high heat conductivity and which could result in poor penetration and molten holes. Aluminium being a non ferrous metal, is readily available in various product forms. In order to establish a proper welding procedure, it is essential to know the material properties of the aluminium alloy being welded. These can be effected by;   Aluminium Oxide Coating   Thermal Conductivity   Thermal Expansion Coefficient   Melting Characteristics In normal circumstances, aluminium is welded using TIG and not MIG welding, since it is far more difficult to weld aluminium with the latter. On the other hand, aluminium being a soft metal, requires that the TIG welder has to utilise AC current not just DC current (this is because intermediate welds are required to bond aluminium) and therefore modifications have to be made on the TIG welding equipment, making it more costly then ever. However though it is considered difficult (especially for an inexperienced worker), the majority of such welding is carried out utilising MIG welding with possible reasonable results, if the following procedures are noted: Essential features to weld aluminium using MIG welding: Base-metal preparation:   aluminium oxide and hydrocarbon contamination must be removed Aluminium oxide melts at 3,700 F while the base-material aluminium underneath will melt at 1,200 F. Preheating: Preheating the aluminium work piece can help avoid weld cracking Preheating temperature should not exceed 230 F The push technique:   pushing the gun away from the weld pool rather than pulling it, will result in better cleaning action Travel speed:   Aluminium welds need to be hot and fast High thermal conductivity of aluminium implies the need for higher amps and voltage settings and higher weld-travel speeds If travel speed is too slow, the weld risks excessive burn Shielding gas:   Argon, which gives good cleaning action and penetration profile, is the most common shielding gas used when welding aluminium Welding wire:   Aluminium filler wire that has a melting temperature similar to the base material is ideal. 0.035-inch diameter at a low wire-feed speed 100 to 300 in. /min Convex-shaped welds:   Aluminium welding causes crater cracking resulting in failure. These are created due to the high rate of thermal expansion of aluminium. Power-source selection:   Welding current in excess of 350 A, cc produces optimum results.   Wire feeder:   A constant-torque, variable-speed motor in the wire-feed is essential giving constant force and speed through the gun. A high-torque motor in the welding gun pulls the wire through and keeps wire-feed speed and arc length consistent.   Welding guns:   contact tip approximately 0.015 inch larger than the diameter of the filler metal being, When the welding current exceeds 200 A, a water-cooled gun is used to minimize heat build-up and reduce wire-feeding difficulties.

Swot Analysis of Netflix

SWOT analysis for Netflix: Strengths: 1. Proprietary technology. Netflix has proprietary technology system to stream TV shows and movies and also including processing delivery and return DVDs. This specific system makes the business in Netflix more efficiency. 2. Goodwill and brand value. Netflix is a company with reputation. It has 15 years experiences and has a good deal of loyal consumers. 3. Competitive price. The service is in expensive in Netflix. It just cost 8 dollar per month and subscribers can enjoy unlimited viewing. 4. Simple service process.The service process in Netflix is simple. There are no commercials, no commitments, no contracts which can save consumer’s time and make the service more efficiency. 5. Open-minded managers. They continuously receive feedback from their consumers to change their strategy which makes the company more profitable and prevent many risks. 6. Good user experience. With just a little bit of timing, customers can have movies coming an d going so as to almost always have a movie ready to watch. Which generating loyal and enthusiastic customers. Weakness: 1.Third-party logistics or third-party device. Netflix have to rely on third-party logistics or third-party device, which mean if consumers lose confident with US mail system or some devices company, it will have bad effect on the reputation of Netflix. 2. Laws and government regulations. As an industry rely on internet, Netflix has to keep continual attention to laws and government regulations and make a quick reaction if something changed. 3. Pricing power. It has to accept the rates and delivery schedules set by the U. S. postal service, as well as the rates set by streaming providers. . Weak of internet system. As the main service of Netflix is completed on internet, there has the chance that the system to be attacked by hacker and it will bring tremendous negative effect on Netflix. 5. Debts. Netflix have issued $400 million in debt offerings and may incur ad ditional debt in the future, which may adversely affect their financial condition and future financial results. 6. Content distribution. These are not exclusive, which allowing competitors access to the same movies and television shows, leaving the way open for competition. Opportunities 1.Branding value. Netflix can become the first thing people think of for watching movies at home, just like â€Å"Google† is the first thing many think of for searching. There's been at least one instance of using the word â€Å"Netflix† as a verb, so this could be the beginning. 2. Technology changing. As the technology changing fast, Netflix can use continuously strategy changing to take the first mover advantage. 3. The big and increasing market. There have over 30 million members in over 50 countries enjoying over a billion hours of TV show and movies from Netflix every month.As the market is still increasing, there has a big opportunity for Netflix. 4. International expanding. As Netflix will expanding its domain outside United States, it will face many opportunities and challenges. 5. Distribution. As more subscribers come aboard, the value of Netflix as a distributor of content for studios goes up, leading to more pricing power for Netflix and less for the content producers. Threats 1. Competitors. That existing or new competitor  in the same domain, for example Google,YouTube and Amazon is the next most serious threat after Hulu. 2. Free ad-supported TV shows and movies. If large market segment bring for this kind of free TV shows and movies, the rate of growth in Netflix could be decline. 3. The liability for negligence, copyright or patent. Face the potential liability for content uploaded from their users. Netflix have the possible to be litigation if their consumers upload some videos illegal, which will cost Netflix a lot and will have negative results of their operation work. 4. The Copyright law change. If U.S. Copyright law were altered to amend or eliminate the First Sale Doctrine or if studios were to release or distribute titles on DVD in a manner that attempts to circumvent or limit the effects of the First Sale Doctrine, their business could be adversely affected. 5. Increasingly cost of their acquisition of DVD content and the logistic company. They are unable to negotiate with the studios because of consumers have lists and they have to buy the movies on the list. As labors cost more and more expensive the delivery DVDs cost is increasing. Risk 1.If Netflix efforts to attract and retain subscribers are not successful, their business will be adversely affected. 2. If Netflix unable to successfully or profitably compete with current and new competitors, programs and technologies, their business will be adversely affected, and they may not be able to increase or maintain market share, revenues or profitability. 3. If Netflix are unable to continue to recover from the negative consumer reaction to their price change and other announcements made during the third quarter of 2011, their business will be adversely affected. . If Netflix cannot foresee the consumer viewing habits exactly maybe it will make some wrong strategy and have adversely affected. 5. Many of their systems and operational practices were implemented when Netflix at a smaller scale of operations and they are undertaking efforts to migrate the vast majority of their systems to cloud-based processors. If they are not able to manage the growing complexity of their business, including improving, refining or revising our systems and operational practices, their business may be adversely affected. . The big portion of goodwill in its total asset is also a risk. If they cannot provide good service and make consumers satisfied, it will suffer a very bad influence for its profit. If they are unable to protect their domain names, their reputation and brand could be adversely affected. 7. Delayed availability of new release DVDs for rental co uld adversely affect Netflix’s business. In January 2012, Warner Home Entertainment announced it was increasing the period of delay to fifty-six days.If other studios were to increase the period of delay and /or if their subscriber satisfaction is negatively impacted by this increase in the Warner delay, their business could be adversely impacted. 8. Proprietary technology to stream TV shows and movies and to manage other aspects of their operations, including processing delivery and return of their DVDs to their subscribers, and the failure of this technology to operate effectively could adversely affect their business. . In the event of an earthquake or other natural or man-made disaster, Netflix’s operations could be adversely affected. They may not be able to effectively shift their fulfillment and delivery operations to handle disruptions in service arising from these events. 10. They could be subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks arising from their international operations. 11. They may lose key employees or may be unable to hire qualified employees.